Polystyrene nanoparticle-induced keratinocyte death compromises skin barrier integrity and augments antigen-driven allergic skin inflammation in NC/Nga mice
CONCLUSIONS: PS nanoparticles approximately 20 nm in diameter induce phagocytosis-independent keratinocyte death, which may compromise the keratinocyte barrier and amplify antigen-driven Th2-skewed skin inflammation during co-exposure to antigens, potentially increasing AD susceptibility.