Inhalation toxicity of nanoplastics: mechanistic insights from biophysical barrier disruption to chronic lung diseases
Airborne nanoplastics (NPs) are increasingly recognized as an emerging respiratory health concern because their small size enables deposition in the distal lung, where they can interact directly with the alveolar microenvironment. However, the sequence of mechanisms linking their initial physicochemical interactions to chronic pulmonary outcomes remains insufficiently defined. This review integrates recent evidence to propose a mechanistic framework connecting early biophysical barrier…