CONCLUSIONS: Although direct comparisons with previous studies are limited due to methodological variability among studies and the lack of standardized protocols for MNP quantification in human urine, these findings provide preliminary evidence of urinary MNPs in children. Further large-scale studies using harmonized analytical approaches are needed to better characterize exposure patterns in pediatric populations.

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants and efficient carriers of coexisting pollutants, including heavy metals, organic chemicals, and antibiotics. Their capacity to adsorb, transport, and release contaminants has raised growing concern over mixture toxicity under realistic exposure scenarios. This review systematically examines the mechanistic basis of MNPs-mediated combined toxicity and evaluates the emerging role of network toxicology as a systems-based tool…

The growing prevalence of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the environment elicits concerns about their possible impact on human neurological health. Although studies on animals have suggested neurotoxic effects, evidence from humans is still scarce. This systematic review gathers existing human data to assess the presence, types, detection techniques, and neurological consequences of MNPs in different biological matrices. A comprehensive review was performed on peer-reviewed research…